Safety Evaluation of Methanolic Extract of Fenugreek Seeds on Hepatic, Renal and Cardiac Parameters: An Animal Experiment
Keywords:
Fenugreek seeds, Methanol extract, Liver enzymes, Renal parameters, Cardiac enzymes, RabbitsAbstract
Introduction: Fenugreek is one of the plants with great therapeutic significance. It contains numerous bioactive compounds. Knowing the safety of crude extracts on various body organs is a must.
Aims & Objectives: To assess the safety of methanol extract (MEFS) of fenugreek seeds on various hepatic, renal and cardiac parameters.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the department of Pharmacology, University of Karachi for a period of 2 months from 1-2-2023 till 30-3-2023.
Materials & Methods: Safety evaluation of MEFS was conducted on 28 white rabbits of both genders weighing 1-1.5 kg after getting ethical approval. Animals were apportioned into 4 groups by simple random sampling. Each group consisted of 7 animals. Group I was categorized as control and given distilled water 1m1/kg per oral route O.D. Remaining 3 groups were test groups. They were fed with fenugreek extract using 3 different doses (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) in the same amount given to Group I per oral route O.D for 45 days. Blood sample from marginal vein of ears of rabbits were taken on 46th day and tested on Humalyzer using standard reagents. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24, via one- way ANOVA and post hoc tukeys HSD test.
Results: After 45 days of feeding the extract, insignificant decrease in aspartate transaminase (80.12±14.5), alanine
transaminase (67.32±15.5), ?GT (8.46±0.14), total bilirubin (0.82±0.11), direct bilirubin (0.14±0.02), total protein (07.21±
1.11), urea (37.23±0.54), creatinine (0.78±0.15), lactate dehydrogenase (356.23±16.11),creatinine phosphokinase (404.33± 76.45) and blood electrolytes (Na 2.76± 0.21, K 3.55±0.43 and Ca 3.81±0.26 ) was observed in all test groups when compared to control group.
Conclusion: The study indicates higher safety of fenugreek seeds extract on liver, kidney and heart as observed from effects on various hepatic, renal and cardiac parameters. Isolation of active compounds and testing on large sample size are suggested for future studies.
References
Syed QA, Rashid Z, Ahmad MH, Shukat R, Ishaq A, Muhammad N, Rahman HU. Nutritional and therapeutic properties of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum): a review. International Journal of Food Properties. 2020 Jan 1;23(1):1777-91.
Srinivasa UM, Naidu MM. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seed: promising source of nutraceutical. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry. 2021 Jan 1;71:141-84.
Singh N, Yadav SS, Kumar S, Narashiman B. Ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and clinical studies on Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). Food Bioscience. 2022 Apr 1;46:101546.
Sarwar S, Hanif MA, Ayub MA, Boakye YD, Agyare C. Fenugreek. InMedicinal Plants of South Asia 2020 Jan 1 (pp. 257-271). Elsevier.
Riaz S, Hafeez MA, Maan AA. The fenugreek seed: therapeutic properties and applications. Science of spices and culinary herbs—Latest laboratory, pre-clinical, and clinical studies. 2020 Aug 8;2:65-91.
Hilles AR, Mahmood S. Historical background, origin, distribution, and economic importance of fenugreek. Fenugreek: Biology and Applications. 2021:3-11.
Faisal Z, Irfan R, Akram N, Manzoor HM, Aabdi MA, Anwar MJ, Khawar S, Saif A, Shah YA,
Afzaal M, Desta DT. The multifaceted potential of fenugreek seeds: From health benefits to food and nanotechnology applications. Food Science & Nutrition. 2024 Apr;12(4):2294-310.
Heshmat-Ghahdarijani K, Mashayekhiasl N, Amerizadeh A, Teimouri Jervekani Z, Sadeghi M. Effect of fenugreek consumption on serum lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytotherapy research. 2020 Sep;34(9):2230-45.
Srivastava A, Singh Z, Verma V, Choedon T. Potential health benefits of fenugreek with multiple pharmacological properties. In Research Anthology on Recent Advancements in Ethnopharmacology and Nutraceuticals 2022 (pp. 672-687). IGI Global.
Shahrajabian MH, Sun W, Magadlela A, Hong S, Cheng Q. Fenugreek cultivation in the middle east and other parts of the world with emphasis on historical aspects and its uses in traditional medicine and modern pharmaceutical science. Fenugreek: Biology and Applications. 2021:13-30.
Das S, Sharangi AB. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.): The Magical Healing of Human Health Hazards. Fenugreek: Biology and Applications. 2021:247-61.
Bahmani M, Shirzad H, Mirhosseini M, Mesripour A, Rafieian-Kopaei M. A review on ethnobotanical and therapeutic uses of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum L). Journal of evidence-based complementary & alternative medicine. 2016 Jan;21(1):53-62.
Singh U, Chamoli M, Singh KP, Ram L, Jangir S, Maheshwari RK. Amazing health benefit of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum LINN.). International Journal of Environment and Health Sciences. 2022;4:19-27.
Haxhiraj M, White K, Terry C. The role of fenugreek in the management of type 2 diabetes. International journal of molecular sciences. 2024 Jun 26;25(13):6987.
Makhaik MS, Shakya AK, Kale R. Dietary phytochemicals: As a natural source of antioxidants. Antioxidants-benefits, sources, mechanisms of action. 2021 Aug 7.
Varshney H, Siddique YH. Medicinal properties of fenugreek: a review. The Open Biology Journal. 2023 Mar 31;11(1).
Qadir SU, Raja V. Herbal medicine: Old practice and modern perspectives. InPhytomedicine 2021 Jan 1 (pp. 149-180). Academic Press.
Thakkar S, Anklam E, Xu A, Ulberth F, Li J, Li B, Hugas M, Sarma N, Crerar S, Swift S, Hakamatsuka T. Regulatory landscape of dietary supplements and herbal medicines from a global perspective. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2020 Jul 1;114:104647.
Sulaiman, Shah S, Khan S, Bussmann RW, Ali M, Hussain D, Hussain W. Quantitative ethnobotanical study of Indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants used by the tribal communities of Gokand Valley,
District Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Plants. 2020 Aug 6;9(8):1001.
Jan HA, Jan S, Bussmann RW, Wali S, Sisto F, Ahmad L. Complementary and alternative medicine research, prospects and limitations in Pakistan: a literature review. Acta Ecologica Sinica. 2020 Dec 1;40(6):451-63.
Süntar I. Importance of ethnopharmacological studies in drug discovery: role of medicinal plants. Phytochemistry Reviews. 2020 Oct;19(5):1199- 209.
Saggar S, Mir PA, Kumar N, Chawla A, Uppal J, Kaur A. Traditional and herbal medicines: opportunities and challenges. Pharmacognosy Research. 2022;14(2).
Lala V, Zubair M, Minter D. Liver function tests. StatPearls. 2023 Jul 30.
Brookes EM, Power DA. Elevated serum urea-to- creatinine ratio is associated with adverse inpatient clinical outcomes in non-end stage chronic kidney disease. Scientific Reports. 2022 Dec 2;12(1):20827.
Quimby J. Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Clinical Small Animal Internal Medicine. 2020 Apr 30:1165-73.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Proceedings
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a 